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UV ȭ ҷ ,,å

UVȭ ҷ ߻Ѵ.
ַ Ͼ ҷ , ҷ ׸ ü 1 Ȥ2 ̻ ɼ ִ. 1 2 ̻ å 2 ʰ 쵵 ִ.

츮 ǿ ´ å , uv , Ȥ uvȭ Ŀ ڿ Ͽ ذϸ ڰ, ׷ ذ ȵǸ ؼ ̰ ذå ϴ .

1. UV ȭ ҷ
UV ȭ ߻ϴ ҷ Ÿ ҷ Ȯϰ ľϴ
. Ȯϰ ľؾ ױ⿡ å Ȯ ȴ

1) ȭ ҷ
ȭ ʰ, ȭ (ڱ ȭ : Lack Cure)̰ų ȭ ļ ȭ(Overcured) ̴. ȭ(Overcured) 쿡 ǰ Ÿų, ޾ ϴ 찡 , ȭ 쿡 ǰ ϰų 찡 ְ, ߿ Ӱ Ǿ ǥ ƽŰ 찡 ִ..

2) ǰ
ݼ̳ ū , öƽ 迭 ʸ̳ ڸ ǰ ǰ ü Ǵ ɰ ̴.
ʸ зϸ ̼ϰ Ÿ Wave ҷ, Curl, Shrinkage, źȭ(carbonization) ʱ ܰ , ÷ ڹ ǰ ù ܰ Wave ҷ Ͼ ǰ ġ ȴ.

- Wave : ʱ ̴ܰ. 1m Ȥ 1.8m ü ణ ִ.
- Curl : Wave ·μ ޱ ޱ .
- Shrinkage : Curl ܰ ·μ ޱ׷ κ ª鼭 ϴ
- źȭ(carbonization) ʱ ܰ : κ Shrinkage ſ ·μ ޱ ü Ѵ. ( ǹ Wave Curl ܵ ҷ ġ źȭ ʱ ܰ ҷ Ͼ 幰).

Ư Wave ҷ Curl ҷ Ͼ ҷ ߰ߵǴ ſ ߿ϴ.
Wave ҷ Curl ҷ ǰ A4 Ȥ B5 Ը ܰ迡 Ÿ ʴٰ ǰ  30cm-50cm Ŀ ̷Ʈ 꿡 Ÿų, ̷Ʈ  Ÿ ʴٰ, 1m - 2m ¿ Ÿ 쵵
ִ.

Wave ҷ ġ , ̷Ʈ Ը , ¿ Ÿ ʴٰ, ǰ ϵǾ ϰų LCD ǰ ¿ Ÿ 쵵 ִ. Wave ҷ ó ʰ Ÿ ŸԿ Ư Ÿµ, ѷ ʸ ¿ ִ x y Wave ҷ ־ ° Wave Ǵ Ÿ ʴ 쵵 ִ.

° x y ϸ( ѿ ʸ Ǯ) ŸǷ ǰ ڴ Ư Ű Ѵ.

Ͼ ε 3 .
ȭ Ͼ⵵ , ð Ͼų 2 Ͼ 쵵 ִ. 2 ̻ ̳ ʸ ̴ 糪 ڸ , 浵, ̷¿ Ŀ ߻ϴ 쵵 .
κ UV ȭ 񿡼 ū ̴.

3)
ȭ Ǿٰ Ͽ (Substrate) ø ʴ ̴. ص ų, аų и , ϰ Ƶ ũν ıƮ (Cross cut test) ߵ Ѵ. ڵ ǰ, LCD Display ǰ̳ ʸ, COG, BGA Ĩ ǰ ƾ Ѵ.

4) (Swaging, bulging)
簡 ƽ̳ ó µ , Ϻκ ų õ ̴. ϸ Ϻΰ İ Ÿ 쵵 ִ.
ü ų, Ȥ 2 1 ̰ų, õǴ 찡 ִ.

ο ܺδ ϰ, ο ٺ() 쵵 ִ. ο ܺΰ ϰ Ų ϰ, ο Ƿ ̰ ſ ڴ.

5) (Bubbling, Air Bubble), ȭ(Cratering)
õ ٴ Ȥ ߰ ų, ȭ ȭó ڸ 鼭 ǥ ҷ̴.

ǥ ȭó ոų  پ鼭 麸 ũ- ũ ձ ȭ ҷ̴. ũⰡ ߰ ̸ ϰ ο ū ϸ鼭 ٷ κ 1-10 ũ Ƽ ǥ ° ̴ ҷ̴

6) ǥ ũ
Ȯ ʸ, Ʈ ڸ ȭ ص ̰ ̼ ũ . ε Ȯ ʰ å ٸǷ ϱⰡ ҷ̴.

7) Ȳ
߻Ѵ. ؾ Ȳ
̴.

ǰ UV ȭ 꼺, 浵, ǥ , , Ư UV ȭ uv ȭ ̳ UV ȭ Ŀ Ʈ ߻ϸ ڵ Ȯ ̰, ̿ ü å Ȯ Ʈ ÿ ð ϴ 찡 .

8) uv ȭ ҷ
Ư ȭ ҷ ٺ 1 쵵 2 ̻ ɼ ִ. Ʈ 1 , 2 ̻ 2 ̻̹Ƿ å 츦 ÿ ؾ Ѵ. 츮 ޴ ´ å ̳, , Ŀ ǰߺٴ , uv , Ȥ uvȭ , , ȭ ǿ ԰Ͽ ⺻ Ŀ ϴ Ʈ ذ ִ.

ϴ ,  Ʈ Ͼ Ʈ Ǵ , ۾ , , ϰ , ȭ, ſ ⺻ å ؾ ϴµ, ̷ ؼ ˱ Ƿ ڳ ڽ ƴ å ذ ʰų, ޴ 찡 , ̷ 쿡 о߿ Ͼ Ǯ .

űԷ uv ȭ ϴ ȸ Ӹ ƴ϶ ʳⰣ UV ȭ ϰ ִ ȸ , Ʈ ؼ å ̴. Ư µ ̳ ʸ ɰ ǹǷ , ȭ, , ǿ ϴ .

 

2. UV ȭ ҷ

UVȭ ҷ ſ ̴.
 ҷ ߻ϸ κ ſ ϴ° 츮 .
ȸ翡 ǰ̳ 濵 å ִ Ͼ ڶ ̰ ̸ ˰ å ̸ ؾ ҷ ߻ Ȯ å ִ.

1) ȭ ҷ
ȭ ȵǰų Ǵ ̰ȭ, ȭ ʹ ġ Ǿ Ÿ ȭ(Φ) ִ. uvȭ Ǵ ߾ Ѵ. ߿ 1 ҷ Ÿ 쵵 ְ, 2 Ʋ ü Ǿ ҷ ̾ ʴ 쵵 ִ.

.
ġ Ǿ ϴµ 2 ġ ʴ´.

. uv uv
uv(Intensity : mW/cm2) uv (mJ/cm2) 䱸ϴ ŭ Ǿ ϴµ 䱸 ŭ ʴ´. Ư ص
Ƽ ȭ ҷ ڵ ϴ 찡 .

. β ӵ
β βų ܺ̾ ӵ õ .

̻ ֿ θ ̰, ܿ , µ, ƹ µ ȭ ҷ 쵵 Ͱ Ƿ ذϱ Ƿ ϴ° ..

2) ǰ
öƽ 迭 ʸ̳ ڸ ǰ ߻ϴ ̴.
UV Է 70-80% ߻ϹǷ ߻ϰ , ȭ 󸶳 ȿ ŵǰ uv ȭ⸦ ̴.

ǰ ޴ , 䱸 uv, ǰ Ÿ, ܺ̾ ӵ, ð ý ο ޶. κ ǰ uv ȭ⸦ µ 40-100 ޴´. ϴ ǰ µ µ ٸ, ǰ µ  ߴİ uv ȭ ٽ ̴.

Ǵ UV Ͽ ȭ ó Ǿ , 浵 䱸ġ ŭ Ƿ uv Ű Ǵµ uv Ű ö󰡹Ƿ Ͼ.

UV Ű ǰ ϰų, Űų, ӵ õõ ϸ UV õ - mJ/cm2 ǰ uv̳ ϴ 5 ŭ ޴´. ó ޴ uv ϴ ͺ 5 ̻ Ƿ 簡 ǰų 糪 ȭ uv Ǵ 翵ϴ.

ȭ Ǵ ̿ܿ ð Ϸ糪 Ʋ Ŀ ǰų ȭ ٽ 2 Ͼ⵵ ϸ, Ǵ 3 .

- ȭϴ ǰ ȭ⿡ Ǵ
- ȭ ¿ ص 2-3 Ŀ 2 Ͼ .
- ǰ ٽ Ͼ 2 ,

ó3 Ͼ ƽ 簡 ϰ ִ ڱ Ѱ谡 ִµ, Ѱ 󸶳 ð ޾ҴĿ Ÿ ޶.

Ѱ Ÿ. Ѱġ (Transfomation Point) α ޾ ̷¿ ¿ ð ϸ Ÿ ȭ, 2 ٽ Ͼ 2 ִ. ̳, 2 Ʈ ߰ ǿ ̶ · Ÿ, ǰ ǰ ޴ 忡 Ѵ.

ó ҷ κ UV ȭ ǰ ذϱ ε UV Է 70-80% ߻ϰ, 90% ̻ ־ ϴµ, ϸ UV ߻Ͽ uv ʾƼ ȭ ʰ, ʴ uv ȭ⸦ ϸ ǰ Ǵ ڵ ַλ̴.

Uv 緮 ʰ, UV ȭ⿡ ߻ϴ 90% ̻ ϰ uv ȭ⸦ ϴ , ü , uv ö ġ ؾ ϴµ, Ӹ ƴ϶ ܱ uv ȭ Ŀ, ̷ а ɶ п ؼ ü ̷а Ͼ ͸ Ȯ Ŀ ſ 幰Ƿ mJ/cm2 uc ϰ Ͼ ʴ 40 uv ȭ ã ƴ.

3)
ȭ ƹ Ǿٰ ص (Substrate) ̿ . ҷ  ִ.

. ǥ
PET, ũ, PC, PolyImide, SUSö, , Ni, ˷̴ ǥ ¿ ڱ ǥ ִ.
ǥ ̳ , µ, ǥó , , , ǥ ޶. ص ǥ ٸ.

ü ҷ Ȥ μϱ ǥ ǥ ̹Ƿ ǥ ־ Ѵ.
ǥ .

ǥ

Surface Energy
(dynes/cm)

Polyhexafluoropropylene

16

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE/Teflon)

18-20

Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)

18-22

Polytrifluoroethylene

22

Chlorotrifluoroethylene (Aclar)

20-24

Polydimethyl siloxane (silicone elastomer)

22-24

Natural rubber

24

Paraffin

23-25

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

25

Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF/Tedlar)

28

Polypropylene (PP)

29-31

Polyethylene (PE)

30-31

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)

31

Polybutylene teraphthalate (PBT)

32

Nylon-11 (polyundecanamide)

33

Surlyn ionomer

33

Polystyrene (PS), low ionomer

33-35

Polyacrylate (acrylic film)

35

Tin-plated steel

35

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), plasticized

33-38

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH/PVAL)

37

Polystyrene (PS), high ionomer

37-38

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)

38

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), rigid

39

Cellulose acetate (CA)

39

Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC/Saran)

40

Polyimide

40

Polysulfone (PSU)

41

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)

41

Nylon-6 (polycaprolactam)

42

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

41-44

Cellulose (regenerated)

44

Copper

44

Aluminum

45

Iron

46

Nylon 6/6 (polyhexamethylene adipamide)

46

Polycarbonate (PC)

46

Glass, soda lime

47

Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)

47

Styrene butadiene rubber

48

Polyethersulfone

50


. ǥ
Ϲδ Ϸ ϴ ǥ ( ʸ ) ǥ º . Ϸ ǥ ־ ϴµ κ ڰ ִ ƴ϶ Ŀ ̴ . ٲپ ȴ . Ʒ ǥ ǥ ̴ . Uv ȭ ᰡ ƴ ȭ ᳪ MEK, , 翣 ų (Thinner). ϸ , ̷ ų 迭 ǥ Ƿ κ 翡 ȴ .

. uv uv
uv ų Ǵ ʿ䷮ 찡 κ̸, 迭 uv Ƽ ȭ(Over cure) ǰ, ȭ ȭ Ϸ ҷ 쵵 ִ.

. ǥ
ǥ Ǹ ȭ ƹ ߵǾ 翬ϴ.
ǥ , ⸧, Ÿ Ǿٸ ǥ鿡 ٸ 3 Ǿٰ ȴ. а糪 ⸧ ʸ ߶ Ѵٸ ȳ ǥ ̹ ¿ ġ ̴

. β
â ִ. Ѵٴ ǹ̴ â ٸ 2 縦 ȭ ƴ Ųٴ ǹε, 2 縦 ξ 2 ٸ, ü â â ٸǷ µ ȭ ̴.

β β β â Ȥ Ǵ xy θ ġ, z δ ̹ϰ ġ, β β âϴ , â Ǵ x, y, z ġ ̴.

̻ ֿ θ ̰, ܿ , Ϲ Ƽ ƹ µ ҷ 쵵 Ͱ Ƿ ذϱ Ŀ ȭ Ŀ Ϲ ǰ߸ ƴ϶ ϴ° ..

. ȭ߿ ޴ ̷
uv ȭ ߿ ȭ ޴ ǥ ֹ߼ ø 󵵰 ȭ øӰ ޴ ȭ ǥ ޶Ƿ ȭ ų .

4) (Bubbling, bulging),
ü Ȥ ٸ. 簡 ȭ߿ ޾Ƽ̴. õ ο
ų ǥ ҷ Ȥ ֺƮ ó ϰų ϰ ȭǾ ο ̴. UV ȭ ̰ų Ȥ ֺƮ (ֹ߼ ) ٲٰų 뷮 ̴.

Ȥ ü β βų β β, ǥ ȭǰ, δ Ͼ ߵ ü ܺη 쵵 ִ. ̶ ϰų Ͽ κ ȭŰ ذ ȴ.

׷ ٺ å uv ȭ ޴ ٿ Ѵ.

5) ǰ ǥ ũ()
õ ̼ ũ ߻ϴ ȭ ( ) uv ȭ ߿ ޴ ̴.

. : ȭ ũ ϴ ū

. ȭ κ ̽ ɱ, ÷̴. ǥ ũ Ӹ ƴ϶ ȭ 浵, â , , ǥ , , µ, , ǰ Ѵ.

. ȭ߿ ޴ ( ̷) :
uv ȭ ߿ ũ ġ ũ 2 ִ.
ù° ǥ ֹ߼ ø ߷ , Ŀ ź- üΰ ɱ⿡  ϰ ũ ̴.

uv ȭ ߿ øӴ տ ⿩ ϰ Ѵ.
ȭ β ڷ 浵 ⿩ϴ ÷ ؾ ϴµ, uv ȭ ߿ ǥ ӿ ̸Ӵ ̳߰ ο Ѵ. ǥ øӰ Ͽ 󵵰 ¿ ϷǾ ǥ յ 浵 װ͵ ´, κ Ѵ.

׷ uv ȭ ߿ ̻ ޾ ǥ øӰ ʹ ٷ ¿ յ յ, е, 浵 װ͵ Ѿ ȭ ũ Ÿ. ( κ ϴ Ͼ ϴ κ ü ø ̽ ɱ ٸ ٲ ϰ ϴٰ ȭ߿ ޴ ν ذ ٰ ִ.)

2° Ŀ ޴ () ȭ üΰ ɱ⿡ ġ ̷( : Thermal history ) ̴.
ݼ ޴ 簡 ޴ Ư ٲ Ǵµ ̷ ̷( ) ̶ Ѵ. ̷ ö(ݼ) Ÿ ƴ϶ ƽ, , , 翡 Ÿµ ö, , , 100-200 µ , ƽó ̳ 100ɷ 60-80 α µ ü Ͽ ź , յ, 浵 ġµ, ߿ Ѱ ǥ ũ Ÿ ̴.

ݼ η õⰣ ϸ鼭 ԰, Ư ݼ ̷ ó о߷μ , ƽ η 簡 ʳ⿡ Ұϰ, ƽ 鰡 ǹǷ Ư ƽ ̷¿ ؼ ̸, ڸ Ϲ ̾ ƽ ̷̶ ܾ ̴.

uv þ ʰ uv þ 츮 ϴ Ÿ ũƮ uvȭ ̷¿ ؼ uv þ Ŀ ü ̷ ʰ ִ ̴.

ƽ 絵 ݼó ̷¿ Ư ȭǸ, Ʒ ƽ 簡 ̷¿ ȭ ִ Ư̴. Uv ȭ ̷¿ ϴµ ǥ ũ ȭ ߿ ޴ ޴ ѿ ȭ ִ 1 Ұϸ ̷¿ ִ ִ.

1. degree of crystallinity
2. Strains
3. Polimerization Degree
4. Glass transiion phenomena
5. Thermal and oxidative stability
6. Nucleation phenomena
7. Phase diagram
8. Hardness
9. Tension
10.Thermal Dissociation

**. pet ̷ (thermal history) Crystallinity.



ƽ ̷¿
Tg ŵ .

 

̷¿ Tg ޶ ϰϴ uv ȭ ̷¿ ޶ .

׷ ø uv ȭ ߿ ޴ ޴ ũ߻ ʰ踦 Ƿ ϴ uv uv ȭ Ȥ uv ȭ ǰ ׽Ʈ 츮ȸ翡 ϴ uv ̷ ũ ġ ˾Ƴ ִ.

6) Ȳ
ƽ Ȳ ˷ ذ UV Ȳ ٺ ʿ䰡 ִ. Uv ñ -% Ƿ C-H, C-C Ϻ صǾ ٸ ǰ, ٸ ȭǾ δ ź, ⹰, ֽ(Ash) Ǵµ ذ Ÿ Ȳ ̴.

PVC--------? -(CH)n + ⹰ ----------?CO2 +H2 + Ash

Ȳ-
-(CH)n ſ ̸ Ǵ ڿܼ 緮 Ǵ ӵ ޶. ڿܼ ð Ǵ Ǵ ٸ κ ( : Coloration)̸ Ƿ 󵵰 Ƿ Ȳ ̴ ̴.

κ Uv C-H, C-C صǸ鼭 ߰ ȭй ȴ. ̷ ߰ ü ȭ , ޴ , ð ٸ, ߰ ü ̴. κ ð 鼭 ߰ Ӹ ƴ϶, ߰ ü ٸ Ѵ. κ ߰ 2 ڱ µ Ȳϴ ó ̴ ʱ⿡ 󵵰 Ƿ ʴ ó ̴ٰ 󵵰 鼭 ڱ Ÿ, ʱ⿡ ߰ 󵵰 Ƿ Ȳ ٰ Ȳ-? ȴ.

4. UV ȭ ҷ κ å
UVȭ ҷ ο å ޶.
ҷ̶ ص ٺ ٸ 쵵 ְ, ٸ 쿡 ġϴ ٺ ΰ ġؾ ҷ ذ ִ.

1) ȭ ҷ κ å

. : UV ߱ ٸ Ŀ 䱸ϴ ϸ ȴ.

. uv uv : uv 䱸 ŭ ־ ϰ, Ǵ uv ϸ β 䱸ϴ ŭ ָ ȴ.
׷ UV Ű ϴ UV Ű ǰ µ ް ϴ° ̴. ȭ uv Ű µ ÿ Ͽ ǰ Ƿ ڵ Ӹ Ѵ. ׷Ƿ uv Ű ǿ å ٺ å ȴ.

ٺ å uv, ̾ ӵ ۾ ǿ 15% µ uv ȭ⸦ ϴ ƿ 30 uv ȭ üؾ Ѵ.

. β ӵ : β β ̿ Ͽ uv Ű, β ӵ Ϸ UV Ѿ Ѵ.
β 纸 ϰų β ϱ ؼ , ü , µ ϸ β ִ.

̻ κ ֿ å ̰, ܿ Ŀ ٲپ ҷ , Ŀ ٲ , ۸ , ٲ , ƹ ٸ ħ uv üߴµ ȭ ҷ 쵵 ִ.
ҷ ٺ ſ ̹Ƿ å Ȯ κ ٸ å ؾ Ѵ.

2) ǰ å
öƽ ʸ μϰų ϴ Ѱ Ҹ ǰ ̴. ߻ϴ ϹǷ ڷμ Ư å , UV Ŀ, ȭ Ŀ ص ߻ϹǷ ¿ ٴ ̴. ϱ ð ϸ UV (Over cooling) ܼ ȭ ȵǰ, ۸ µ ö󰡼 ǰ ǹǷ Ӹ .

ٺ å
UV Է 70-80% ߻ϹǷ ߻ϰ , ȭ 90% ̻ Ͽ ǰ ޵ ʰ, uv ǰ ǰ ȭ⸦ ϱ Ʊ ̴.

ǰ ޴ ǰ µ (W/cm), 䱸 uv(mJ/cm2), ǰ Ÿ, ܺ̾ ӵ, ð ý ü , Ʈ ð ȿ ο ޶.
µ ö󰡴 uv Ű ϸ µ ö󰣴.
1), Uv 緮 Ű (W/cm) Ű ö󰣴.
2). ǰ Ÿ Ҽ µ ö󰣴.
3). ܺ̾ ӵ ߸ µ ö󰣴.
4), ð ý ȿ µ ö󰣴.
5). Ʈ ð ȿ ܼ µ ö󰣴.

uv ȿ ִ ϰ UV ߻ϴ 100% Ͽ ǰ µ  ö󰡰 uv ȭ⸦ ϴİ ٽ ̴.

ʰ uv UV ߻ϴ 99% ֱ ؼ ö ġ uv ö ؼ ˾ƾ , μ Ѵٴ , ü , ī ݿǾ Ѵ. ׷ κ uv ȭ Ŀ ڴ , DZ ̰ų, ڵε, , ü , , ̶ оߴ θ ϴ ģ鵵 Ӹ ϴ о̰, ö ̰ô о̴.

Ŵ ü , п ̷ ͵ Ȯǰ uv ö ġ ؾ ϴµ, Ӹ ƴ϶ ܱ uv ȭ Ŀ, ü а ɶ п ؼ ü ̷а Ͼ ͸ Ȯ Ŀ ſ 幰Ƿ mJ/cm2 uv ϸ鼭 ǰ µ 30 Ȥ 40 Ϸ Ǵ uv ȭ Ұϴ
δ ǰ 30 - 40 Ϸ Ǵ uv ȭ ̷ε , 忡 ȭ ؾ ϴ ũ.

3) κ å
ҷ κ å .

. ǥ :
ü ü ٲٴ ۿ . ׷ 縶 µ, Ƽ, 浵, Ư ޶Ƿ 縦 ٲٱ Ұɿ . ־ 簡 ִ ǥ Ű ǥ鿡 Ŀ(Anchor Ȥ Primer)ó ϰų, , ڷγ ó Ͽ ǥ 20-30 % Ű ̴.

Ư ̶ ص ǥ , , ޶Ƿ ̳ μϱ  ڷγ ǥ ó Ͽ ǥ Ű .

. ǥ å :
κ ڴ Ϸ ϴ ǥ 𸣰 ϰ ִ.
ǥ ߾ ǵ װͰ ϰ ־ ϴµ, uv ֺƮ Ƿ ǥ ߱Ⱑ ſ ƴ. ׷  ǥó ν ǵ ǥ Ű ϰ ִ.

. uv uv å :
uv ų Ǵ ʿ䷮ . ׷ uv, Ű Ÿ ϴ, (W/cm) Ű, ø, ܺ ӵ ʰϸ uv , ϴ ǰ µ Ͽ ǰ ° ̴. ׷Ƿ ٺ å Ÿ, , , ܺ ӵ å Ұϴ.

å uv , uv, ̾ ӵ ٸ  15% µ uv ȭ⸦ ϴ ƿ 30 uv ȭ üϴ ͵ ̴.

. ǥ å ;
ǥ ϱ ô̳ ǽ Ѵ.
ǥ PC, PET ǿ ȣ ʸ ٿ 簡 ԰Ǵ ִ. ϴ δ µ, , û ǰ Ⱓ ū ̴.
Ư ǽ ǥ ǥ Ī nm ſ ̼ Ī ̹Ƿ ð ȿ ϹǷ ǽ ϴ ϴ .

. β ұ å :
β ϰ ϴ ϴ, ̷ Ȥ ѷ Ŭ ϸ ִ.

̻ µ κ å̰, 2 ̻ 쵵 Ƿ ڰ ǴϿ, ģ Ȯ Ʈ ִ.

. ȭ߿ ޴ ̷
uv ȭ ߿ ȭ ޴ ִ ٿ Ѵ.
uv ȭ ٸ, ̷ ū ϰ ִٸ ȭ ׽Ʈ ̷ 󸶳 ִ.

4) (Bubbling) Ȥ å
ü Ȥ , 2 ΰ å ٸ..

簡 ʹ ޾ 簡 ǰų ֹ߼ ϰų Ϻ źȭ Ͽ ̴. ٺ å uv ȭ ޴ ٿ Ѵ..

Ȥ ȭ ߿ ʹ ޾Ƽ̴. ٺ å uv ȭ ޴ ٿ Ѵ.

õ 쵵 ִ.
߿ Ȥ ֺƮ ϰų, Ȥ ֺƮ δ. ׷ κ ü Ŀ ٸ ϹǷ Ȥ ֺƮ ϰų, ̱⵵ ƴ.
ٺ å uv ȭ ޴ ٿ Ѵ.

β β β ٺ ο ȭǸ鼭 ȭ Ǿ ϴµ, ªƼ η uv ħ  ϰ, ܺκ ȭDZ ο ߻ ٺ 쵵 ִ. ̶ ϰų Ͽ κ ȭŰ ذ Ǵ ִ. ׷ ٺ å uv ȭ ޴ ̸ κ ذȴ.

5) ǰ ǥ ũ å
κ κ ǿ 踦 Ƿ ǰ, , ȭ Ʈϱ 忡 ſ ذ ƴ. β ̼ ũ ߻ϴ κ uv ȭ ߿ ޴ ̴.

. å:
̽ ɱ, ÷ ν ø ֹߵ ȭ 浵, â , , ũ ٲܼ ִ. ǥ ũ ȭ ̽, ɱ, ÷ ϴ , 纰, Ǻ ũ ޶Ƿ Ŀ ð ذϱ ,

Ϻ ǰ ϴ ʰ, ģ ѱ Һڵ鿡 ְ ʴ 鵵 ־ ذ 찡 ִ. ҷ ذϷ ǰ , ׷̵, , ȭ ǵ ƾ ϴµ 켱 ϴ üμ , , ȭ  Ƿ Ǫ .

. ȭ߿ ޴ å :
uv ȭ ߿ ޴ ǥ ֹ߼ ø 󵵰 .
ǥ ø 󵵰 Ŀ ǥ 浵, װ͵ ̰ ߻ϰ, ̰ ̻ Ǹ ũ ȴ. ǥ ũ ǥ ֹ߼ ø 󵵰 ܿ ȭ߰ ȭ Ŀ ޴ C-C ¿ ջ ޶.

޴ ǥ ֹ߼ ø 󵵰 ǥ ڷ ø 󵵰 ¿ Ͼ. ̷ β (y) ޶.
ȭ β ڷ 浵 ⿩ϴ ÷ ؾ ϴµ, uv ȭ ߿ ǥ ӿ ̸Ӵ Ͽ ǥ յ 浵 װ , Ѿ ȭ ũ Ÿ.
׷ uv ȭ ߿ ޴ ø 迭 ޴ ũ߻ 迭 ʰ踦 Ƿ ϴ uv ȭ Ȥ 30 uv ȭ ǰ ׽Ʈ Ǵ ִ.

ܿ ʸ ũ ߻ϴ 쵵 ִµ, ʸ 1 ΰ ũ ߻Ѵ. ̷ ־ ϴµ ʸ Ŀ ̾߱ ص ذ ʴ 찡 . ٺδ ʰ ϴ ־ Ѵ.

6) Ȳ å
Uv ñ -% Ƿ 翬 ̴.
Ŀ ȭ ؼ Ȳ ϱ Ȳ ְų uv ȭ ʴ ̽ ɱ⸦ ϱ⵵ Ѵ.

5. ħ
κ ̳ ߻ ϵ UVȭ ̳, ҷ ߻ϴ ִ. ǰ κ ϳ ʰ ͵ ̷ ߻ϴ ϰ Ѿ 쵵 ִ.

å , å Ϸ ߰ ҵǾ ϴ ߰ ڿ ̹Ƿ ġ ҷ̳ ǰ Ͽ Ȯ ΰ å δ , ߿ ̷ ǰ 游 ʺ ϴ ٶ ϴ.

UVȭ ǰ 쿡 ó ˰ ΰ å , ҷ ð ū Ģ  찡 , ҷ ð ٸ å 귯 ݺϰų ذ ¿ ǰ ϴ 쵵 ִ,

( UVȭ ǰ 쿡 Ȯ ľ ϹǷ ҷ ߻ϸ ǰ ٸ, 糪 ü ׵ ڱ ذϷų ſ 游 ϹǷ Ʈ ذϴµ ð ɸų ƿ ǰ ϰ ϴ 쵵 ִ).

UV ҷ ΰ ó ڷḦ νϿ, ߰ uv ű Խ 鿡 ð ̺ Ͽ, ְ ǰ ֱ⸦ ٶ,  κп ǹ ְų, ߰ ڷᰡ ʿ 쿡 ֽñ ٶϴ.